Vogue Williams loves the Elvie breast pump but it's not cheap - except right now there's 25% off.

If you're a new mum shopping for the best breast pumps, it makes sense to pay attention to the items of baby gear that celebrity mums swear by. The Elvie Pump is the world's first silent wearable breast pump and has proved so popular with celebrity parents that it was one of the items given to Oscar nominees in the Academy's famous goody bags in 2019 - and now Elvie has slashed 25% off for Cyber Monday.

Vogue Williams, who has three children under the age of six with husband Spencer Matthews, was filmed wearing the Elvie Pump inside her bra during a photoshoot in 2020 as part of an ad on her Instagram account and called it 'a godsend'. She wrote in the caption: "The amazing team @elvie has launched two new wearable breastfeeding products, Elvie Curve is a silicone breast pump with natural suction and a valve that lets you control the suction strength, and Elvie Catch which is a set of two breast milk collection cups with slip-proof security."

Vogue added: "I’ve always been a fan of my Elvie Pump and with that on one boob and Elvie Curve on the other, I’m not letting any of that liquid gold go to waste! Elvie Curve and Elvie Catch are secure and discreet and I love how I can just pop them on and go about my life.

Celebrity mums from Hilary Duff to Chrissy Teigan have helped make using a breast pump less taboo by posing for photographs while expressing. And the Elvie Pump, which is available in different sizes for a perfect fit and in both single and double designs, changed the breast pump market when it burst onto the scene. 

Designed to fit inside your bra - no fancy nursing bra necessary - it allows you to carry on with normal life while you express so you can pump with confidence anywhere from the boardroom to the beach. 

The Goodto.com editorial team rated the Elvie Pump the best hands-free option in our Elvie Pump review and buying guide, where our panel of breastfeeding mums put a range of the best-selling breast pumps to the test.

The best Cyber Monday deal we've found on the Elvie Pump is direct from Elvie where there's 25% off until 30th November. Other retailers including John Lewis and Amazon have price-matched this deal. But if you buy from Elvie you get a two-year warranty, making this the best Elvie Pump Cyber Monday deal we've spotted. The saving of £67.25 on the Single Pump and £124.75 on the Double Pump is as good as Cyber Monday baby deals get for such a popular breast pump. 

If this is more than you want to spend on a breast pump, we also recommend the Tommee Tippee Made for Me Single Electric Breast Pump, was £140 now £49.25 (SAVE 65%) which fared well in our buying guide and is particularly good for mums who want to express as much milk as possible in less time, according to our tester. 

The Elvie Pump has seven different settings so you can choose the intensity, and it's easy to adjust. But the standout feature is the fact that it fitted easily in our tester's handbag and was discreet enough to use whilst at her desk. 

Billed by our tester as 'the perfect pump for a busy mum who is prepared to spend a bit extra on a premium wearable design that will truly make life as a breastfeeding mum that little bit easier' the Elvie Pump is an expensive option - but not if you snap it up now with this Cyber Monday deal.

Breastfeeding thrush – also known as nipple thrush – while uncomfortable and upsetting can be easily treated with medication.

If you are breastfeeding your child, t's worth noting that breastfed babies can also develop oral thrush in their mouths. And, what's more, mum and baby can pass thrush on to each other, this can reoccur if not treated. Midwife and mum-of-one, Marie Louise tells us, "Unfortunately, some mums mistake thrush for nipple trauma assuming they have a poor latch. Most people only know about vaginal thrush and don’t realise that you can, in fact, get thrush in the mouth or even gut as the yeast infection likes to grow in warm and moist places."

One of the reasons why some nursing mothers develop breastfeeding pain and thrush is because childbirth and parenting a newborn is challenging on the body. This can lower the immune system, which makes new mums vulnerable to infections. And if the mum or baby needs antibiotics or corticosteroids these drugs can create the right environment for thrush to take hold.

And, while it's your choice, if you don't want to stop breastfeeding know that you don't have to, there are treatments to help, keep reading...

How do I know if I have breastfeeding thrush and what does it look like?

Midwife Marley Hall explains that, itchy, sore or burning nipples, redness around the nipple, flaky or shiny skin around the nipples and a stabbing feeling in your breasts are the main symptoms of thrush in mothers. Thrush is caused by a yeast known as candida albicans that thrives in warm, moist conditions.

It generally affects the genital area and vagina (here are some home remedies for thrush which may help with that) but it can also affect breastfeeding women if their nipples become sore or cracked. This enables the candida fungus to penetrate the skin.

Symptoms of thrush in a mother

• Itchy, sore or burning nipples
• Redness around the nipple
• Flaky or shiny skin around the nipples
• Stabbing feeling in your breasts, either when you’re breastfeeding or between feeds

'Most women won’t know or consider nipple thrush as a possibility because it is not something that's often discussed,' says Marie Louise, aka The Modern Midwife.

It's unlikely to be thrush if you've always experienced pain while breastfeeding. If you have a fever or a red patch on one or both of your breasts that's warm to the touch, you may have mastitis symptoms and it's important to see a doctor quickly.

Symptoms of thrush in a baby

If your baby has developed thrush you may notice a few symptoms. 'The first signs of thrush are visible white patches inside of the cheek, on the baby’s tongue or gums,' says Marie Louise. You may also notice a white film on your baby's lips or the roof of their mouth.

'Typically, babies who have thrush will have a white coat on their tongue that's not as a result of a feed as it can’t be scraped off,' adds Marley.

You may also notice other signs. 'Your baby may become fussy at the breast and pull away due to the discomfort. And they may also get nappy rash symptoms that won’t clear up,' says Marie Louise. A nappy rash that won't clear up is another indication of a yeast infection.

Is it safe to breastfeed with thrush?

Yes. 'You can continue to breastfeed with thrush if you're able to,' says Marie Louise. 'Overall it's safe to continue breastfeeding and advisable if you can, though it depends on how bad the infection is and how painful it is.' You might be left with no choice but to stop breastfeeding, at least for a while.

Marley suggests that while it's fine to breastfeed in most cases, 'it should be treated straight away otherwise the infection will continue to be passed between you and your baby.'

If your baby can't latch on it's worth continuing to express milk. 'If you feed your baby expressed milk from a bottle either with a pump or by hand this will help to maintain good milk supply,' says Marie Louise. 'Plus your breasts may become full and not only will this be uncomfortable but it may also lead to mastitis, so it's important to extract milk from the breasts.'

How to get rid of breast thrush and treat it

If you suspect that you or your baby have thrush tell your health visitor or GP. They will examine you and may take a swab from your baby's mouth or your nipples to confirm it. They will also check that the pain or discomfort isn't being caused by another issue.

Generally, mothers will want to get breast thrush treated quickly so it doesn't get in the way of their baby feeding. The quickest route is a topical cream, which can be prescribed by a medical professional or bought over the counter at pharmacies. If the thrush is severe, you may be prescribed oral medication such as fluconazole.

You may have heard that you can scrape thrush off your baby's tongue. This is not advised as it may cause bleeding.

Medication

'The most effective way to treat nipple thrush is to use medication from your doctor or pharmacy,' says Marley.

'There are a variety of medications available to treat thrush [these include miconazole, nystatin and clotrimazole] but your GP is the best person to discuss medication options with,' says Marie Louise.

'Your baby should also be treated. A GP will be able to examine them and prescribe drops for the tongue,' says Marley. Alternatively, if your baby is 4 months old or older you can buy over the counter mouth gel to treat your baby's oral thrush. Try Daktarin Sugar Free 2% Oral Gel (£5.99 for 15g, Lloyds Pharmacy).

Diet

If you're nursing, a diet of calcium-rich food, healthy fats, fibre, fruit and veg and healthy snacks can help. A varied and healthy breastfeeding diet can help you stay fit and well. And, if you get breastfeeding thrush, eliminating certain foods can make a difference. For tips see our advice, below, on what diet to follow to prevent thrush.

Supplements

'Some people use supplements such as garlic or zinc, but more evidence on efficacy is needed,' advises Marley. Try Vitabiotics Pregnacare Breastfeeding supplement from Boots (£16.50 for a 28 day supply), which contains zinc and other vitamins and minerals suitable for nursing women.

'Antifungal supplements, prebiotics and probiotics are available from many health food stores but it's important to double check these are safe to take while breastfeeding,' says Marie Louise. 'Although they can support health, on occasions the results of supplements can be overstated or not backed by evidence so it's important not to replace taking supplements with medical advice,' she says.

How to prevent breastfeeding thrush

Thrush is highly infectious and is passed on easily, so if you have it treat it quickly. Practice good hygiene and wash your hands after breastfeeding and treating yourself or your baby with medication. If you're pregnant, it will help to nip any yeast infection in the bud.

'If you have vaginal thrush during pregnancy, make sure it is treated. It can transfer to the baby during the birth and subsequently your nipples,' advises Marley.

Hygiene

Here are our midwives' top tips for good hygiene to prevent thrush, or to prevent getting reinfected:

• Ensure you wash your hands before and after breastfeeding. 'I know we are all well up to speed with that thanks to Covid!' says Marie Louise.
• If you use a pacifier or bottles, make sure they're sterilised after each use.
• Sterilise any toys your child puts in their mouth.
• Wear cotton maternity bras and change them daily.
• If  you use breast pads, try to wear disposable ones. If not wash your breast pads and bras in a hot wash after each use.
• Stay topless for a little while to allow your nipples to breathe.
• Keep your nipples dry between feedings.
• Avoid sharing towels with other family members.
• Avoid storing expressed milk. 'Even if frozen, there’s still a possibility that the baby could be re-infected once thawed,' says Marley.
• Reduce stress if possible. 'Chronic stress is thought to adversely affect your immune system and therefore allow imbalances within the body,' says Marie Louise.
• Thrush can't survive in an acidic environment so you may want to consider rinsing your nipples in a weak solution of vinegar (2tsp of distilled white vinegar in 160ml water) a few times a day.

Diet

To prevent a repeat of breastfeeding thrush, both our midwives recommend that you eat a balanced diet and reduce your sugar intake (try this sugar-free diet plan). Avoiding dairy, refined carbohydrates and processed food can also help. Some mothers find that limiting yeasty foods such as bread, Marmite, mushrooms and wine may limit further attacks.

'Avoid foods that appear to worsen your symptoms,' advises Marie Louise. 'Foods that may help are non-starchy veggies such as greens, garlic, fresh ginger tea, coconut oil and beans. Although these are not considered to be official treatments they are thought to perhaps help fight yeast infections,' she says. 'Eating foods that contain lots of good bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus can help [you'll find this in fermented foods such as kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut and yogurt]. And drink plenty of water to keep well hydrated.'

A word of warning: 'It's really important that you discuss any significant changes to your diet with a healthcare professional. For example, if you cut out dairy you need to ensure that you're getting nutrient-dense alternatives,' says Marie Louise.

A breastfeeding supplement, such as the previously mentioned Vitabiotics Pregnacare, can also give your body a boost at this time.

Video of the week:

Breastfeeding pain is extremely common among new mothers. While it's usually nothing to worry about, don't ignore the symptoms – especially if they persist for more than a couple of days.

What you shouldn't do is suffer in silence. Whether you're unsure about whether you're breastfeeding properly, what foods to eat during breastfeeding, or you're surprised by the how breasts change before, during and after breastfeeding, the early motherhood experience can only be bettered by good, tried-and-tested advice.

'There is an abundance of support available to mums during their breastfeeding journey,’ says Harriet Hickey, a midwife at The Pregnancy Clinic, which has clinics in Kent and Surrey. ‘It’s really important to remember that breastfeeding is a new skill for both you and your baby. Over time you will learn what works out best for you.’ These breastfeeding accessories can make the process more comfortable.

Here, our experts highlight the most common reasons for breastfeeding pain, and what the best breastfeeding pain relief home remedies are.

Breastfeeding pain: what causes it?

There are numerous reasons for breastfeeding pain – most of which are benign and easily treated.

'It’s very common for women to experience breastfeeding pain, especially first-time mothers,’ says Eleni Mavrides, a consultant in obstetrics and gynaecology. ‘It’s normal for your body to take a few days when first starting to breastfeed to adjust and in that time, you may feel discomfort or pain,’ she explains.

'This is usually because your breasts over-produce milk at the beginning,’ she continues. ‘You can help prevent this through massaging your breasts regularly, letting your baby finish their feeds, and making sure your baby is attaching to the breast properly during feeding. Using over-the-counter medication, such as paracetamol, will manage the pain if you're in need of pain relief.'

Breastfeeding pain in the breast and home remedies to help

Breast engorgement

While breast engorgement is typical for new mums as they adjust to the arrival of milk, it can be very uncomfortable. ‘Breast engorgement happens when your breasts become overly full. This can be quite painful, with symptoms such as tight or hard breasts, pain in your armpit and sometimes difficulty in attaching baby to the breast,’ explains Harriet.

‘If breast engorgement happens in the first few days of your baby’s life this may be due to your baby simply establishing their feeds. If this is the case support with positioning and attachment can make all the difference,’ she says. ‘The symptoms of breast engorgement should settle once you gain further confidence in positioning and attachment.’

If your baby is yet to latch properly, try expressing some breast milk by hand. Avoid the use of nipple shields, though. 'They can restrict the amount of milk the baby is able to get, which can lead to the breasts becoming more engorged and sore,’ warns Daniel Brash, a pharmacist and co-director of Healthcare 4 All.

Then there’s the old wives’ tale of placing chilled cabbage leaves in your bra after feeding or expressing. While it seems a little eccentric the cooling effect on your breast really can help to reduce the pain and swelling. You can also wrap a towel around a small bag of frozen vegetables and place it on the swollen area to relieve swelling and numb the pain.

Wearing a well-fitting bra designed for breastfeeding, so it doesn’t restrict your breasts, could also benefit you.

Your midwife, health visitor or a breastfeeding specialist should also be able to help you deal with engorged breasts, or any other breastfeeding pain or concerns.

Mastitis

‘Mastitis can happen as a consequence of a blocked milk duct,’ says Harriet. ‘The breast becomes inflamed and often very painful,’ she says. This inflammation may quickly become an infection if not treated, which means that bacteria can grow in the milk.

Here, Harriet explains the main symptoms of mastitis:

• A noticeable red area on the breast
• Tender and hot-to-the-touch breast
• Flu like symptoms/generally feeling unwell
• High temperature

Often mastitis is a reaction to poor positioning, which – once rectified – can ease the problem. ‘However, if symptoms of mastitis are not relieved after you've checked your baby’s positioning and attachment, much like when relieving symptoms of breast engorgement, then it’s important to get checked out by your GP,’ advises Harriet.

Eleni agrees: 'If your breasts feel inflamed, red, hot, tender or lumpy, and you feel unwell with flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills and tiredness, make sure you ask for help straight away.’ If left untreated mastitis can become a breast abscess.

If you’re not feeling better within 12-24 hours, or if you feel worse, see a doctor. You may need antibiotics, which will be fine to take while you are breastfeeding. To control the pain, over-the-counter medicines such as ‘paracetamol or ibuprofen may also help,’ she says.

It’s important to keep feeding your baby from the affected breast. Although this may be painful and miserable for you, it can make the mastitis worse if you stop feeding from your affected breast.

Breast abscess

‘When mastitis is untreated it can cause a breast abscess,’ warns Harriet. An abscess is a very painful, swollen, pus-filled lump inside the breast. You can also develop a breast abscess after a prolonged period of breast engorgement.

A breast abscess needs immediate treatment by a medical professional. The abscess may be drained, or you may be prescribed antibiotics. Although it seems counter-intuitive, it’s important to keep breastfeeding. This keeps the breast well-drained. If it’s too painful to breastfeed you can pump or express by hand instead. “If the affected breast is too painful or the incision is close to your nipple you may need to express your milk for a day or two. Keeping your milk flowing will help your breast heal,” recommends the La Leche League Great Britain website, which provides mother-to-mother support for breastfeeding mums.

Breastfeeding pain in the nipples and home remedies to help

Problems with latching

If your baby is poorly attached to your breast during a feed, your nipple may become pinched between your baby’s tongue and the roof of their mouth (the hard palate). This will make your nipples sore. Before long your nipples can crack and bleed, which makes breastfeeding uncomfortable and even painful. When your baby is effectively attached, your nipple rests comfortably against the soft palate at the back of their mouth. This makes a huge difference in comfort.

‘It’s really quite common to have issues with latching. As a result there’s a lot of help available,’ says Harriet. ‘Some important points to remember – especially when you are struggling with the latch – are:

• Being comfortable and making sure you are in a position you can sustain for some time i.e. utilising a comfy chair and cushions to support your arms and shoulders. Nursing cushions are really useful.
• Holding your baby close and ensuring you’re not leaning over to feed your baby.
• Ensuring your baby’s head and body are in a straight line, their chin to your breast with their head free to tilt backwards.
• Aiming to place your baby’s nose level to your nipple to encourage a wide-open mouth when attaching.’

As well as Harriet's advice, Eleni suggests that ‘mothers change the position of their baby frequently when breastfeeding. One position to try involves putting your baby tummy-down on your body with their head near your breast. This is also a great position to try and get your baby to self-latch as they bob their head and move towards the breast with minimal help from mum, usually resulting in a pain-free latch,’ she says. 

Don’t keep trying on your own if it still hurts – find a lactation consultant or speak to your doctor, health visitor or midwife.

Tongue tie

If your baby is suffering from tongue tie, it can make latching onto your breast correctly impossible, which is distressing for both mum and baby. Tongue tie means your baby can’t lift its tongue or stick it out so is unable to cup the breast to extract milk. This can mean a lot of pain for mum as the tongue can rub against the end of nipple, causing it to crack.

‘Tongue tie occurs when the skin between your baby’s tongue and mouth are shorter than expected,’ says Harriet. ‘This can sometimes affect breastfeeding and should always be considered when there’s difficulty with attachment and latch,’ she advises.

Because tongue tie can be difficult to diagnose, it helps to get expert support. 'Ask your midwife or health visitor to check for tongue tie. Tongue tie is often picked up soon after birth but can be difficult to detect,' advises Daniel.

‘Your midwife, health visitor or GP will be able to guide you, with referral to an expert,’ says Harriet. A health professional will snip the thin flap of skin on the baby’s tongue so it’s able to move more freely. This quick and almost painless procedure will make breastfeeding more effective and less painful.

Blocked ducts

Ducts are another potential breast issue. ‘The breasts are made of milk-producing glands. Tubes known as milk ducts transport the milk from these glands to your nipple. This is so you're able to feed your baby,’ explains Harriet. ‘It’s not uncommon for these ducts to become blocked. They don’t always drain properly during a feed, particularly in those early days of establishing feeds,’ she says. These ducts can also become blocked if you’re making breast milk faster than you can express it.

If you have blocked ducts you're likely to feel ‘a small lump just under the breast, which can sometimes feel quite tender,’ says Harriet. Check under your breasts regularly – if you suspect a blocked duct Harriet recommends the following:

• ‘Feed your baby from the area where you can feel a blocked duct. Massage the lump gently towards the nipple at the same time.
• A warm bath, shower or flannel on the breast may relieve any discomfort.’

The La Leche League GB website also recommends “avoiding saturated fats and taking one or two 1200mg capsules of lecithin three or four times a day to reduce the risk of blocked ducts.”

Thrush

Most of us know thrush as a vaginal condition. However, it’s possible to get this yeast infection on our skin – especially warm, moist areas such as the armpits, groin, between the fingers and the breasts.

‘Some women develop thrush in their breasts when feeding. Symptoms include painful breastfeeding in both breasts, and pain which does not pass immediately following feeding,’ explains Harriet. The NHS website also says to look out for “a red, itchy or painful rash that scales over with white or yellow discharge. The rash may not be so obvious on darker skin.”

Even mild thrush needs checking. ‘It’s important to treat thrush, as it can be passed from mum to baby and vice versa.' You can learn more about breastfeeding and thrush here but it's also recommended that you speak to your GP if you think you have it. Thrush is treated with over-the-counter creams or prescribed anti-fungal medication for mums, and drops for babies.

Breastfeeding pain in the armpit and home remedies to help

Some mums will feel pain under the arms. ‘The breast tissue is present not only in breasts but also extends into the armpit,’ says Harriet.

‘It’s not unusual to have swelling and engorgement of a small area in the armpit while breastfeeding,’ she adds. ‘Engorgement is common as breastfeeding is being established. It usually goes away once feeding is established.’

Is breastfeeding pain normal?

It's easy, as a sleep-deprived new mum, to think the worst but breastfeeding pain is common. ‘There are a number of reasons why breastfeeding causes discomfort,' says Harriet. 'While quickly resolved, it’s important to understand why you’re in discomfort and to not ignore any pain.'

Top tips for soothing painful breasts when nursing

‘Breastfeeding pain is not uncommon,’ says Harriet reassuringly. ‘And discomfort can be prevented and treated.' This will allow for successful feeding until you're ready to stop breastfeeding.

The main thing is to speak up. ‘Seek advice from your midwife or a breastfeeding specialist – also called a lactation consultant. They can discuss simple measures to prevent breastfeeding pain. For example, ensuring there's proper latching when baby is feeding as the inability to do so leads to breast milk not draining properly, which causes sore nipples, lumps and engorged breasts,’ adds Harriet. If you grapple with dry nipples or breasts ‘use breastfeeding-friendly ointments to keep them moist,’ advises Harriet. We like Mama Mio’s Keep Calm Nipple Balm.

‘At times, a cold compress helps with soreness and pain from swollen breasts,’ advises Harriet. ‘It’s okay to use simple painkillers such as paracetamol to relieve pain.’

However, ‘if those measures don’t relieve symptoms seek advice from your doctor or midwife to rule out infection,’ she says.

Video of the Week:

How to stop breastfeeding and when, may look different for everyone. And Rachel Fitz-Desorgher, mother-of-four with a 30-year-long career as a specialist midwife and infant feeding consultant, shares her expert take.

As new mums navigate matrescence there are plenty of other challenges babies bring with them. Like breastfeeding and mastitis and breastfeeding pain, so the decision to stop is yours alone. And remember that everyone’s breastfeeding journey is different, even if you have all the breastfeeding accessories going, choosing to stop is your choice.

Some mothers, with the help of good nursing pillows and the best breast pumps carry on breastfeeding for as long as they and their baby want, while others have never really joined that journey. 

Goodto.com’s Family Editor Stephanie Lowe said: “I lasted four days breastfeeding. It was so painful. I remember the turning point was when my son, Ted, cried for a feed and I actively didn’t want to do it. I knew then I had to switch to formula for both of our sakes.” Breastfeeding might be too painful for you to carry on, or maybe it’s not quite right for your work-life balance or mental health, or maybe your baby has made the choice.

No matter the reason, you are here because you are interested in how to stop breastfeeding. And Rachel Fitz-Desorgher is here to share all the information to help make that decision.

How to stop breastfeeding

1. Recognise signs in your baby

Many mothers go on to nurse their baby well into toddler years, and that’s great, if it’s working for you then go for it.

However, it might be worth paying close attention to your baby in case they want to stop nursing. Active signs could be trying to hold their head in an upright position, sitting up with support, and expressing interest in what you're eating; reaching out, staring. 

In addition, as they grow their active tongue-thrust reflex will disappear, and they may act indifferent or cranky during routine breastfeeding sessions.

2. Go slowly

Wherever possible, phase out breastfeeding slowly to give your body time to adjust. Cutting down too fast can lead to you getting engorged and uncomfortable, which may lead to mastitis.

You might want to try cutting out  just one feed a day - maybe probably the most inconvenient feed, or the one your baby's least interested in - and gradually drop feeds until they're solely having bottles and solids. 

Might be worth noting that if your baby is older than 9 months, you may want to wean directly to a cup. By going slowly your body will produce less and less milk. Making weaning a progressive adjustment.

If going slow isn’t an option, that’s okay. Your body will adapt after a few uncomfortable days – but, if you do get over-full, take simple painkillers such as paracetamol and ibuprofen and have a warm bath or shower and just let your breasts drip.

It can also help to do reverse pressure softening – using a flat hand on your breast, firmly massage from the nipple back towards the rib cage. Go all around the breast massaging backwards firmly – this will reduce the engorgement and ease the swelling and tenderness without stimulating more milk to be made. 

3. Provide comfort in other ways

Breastfed babies are used to the close physical comfort with their mothers, so when you are trying to stop breastfeeding try to be there to comfort in other ways.

As much one-to-one time as you can do, with lots of touch and closeness. 

4. Respect the resistance from your baby

Your baby has only ever known the one way to feed. So when the decision to stop has been made, try to be patient with their reactions.  

Rest assured that, after a day or two without the breast, most baby’s will begin eating solid foods and drinking liquids from a cup. Healthy babies eat when they're hungry enough, no matter how badly they like to breastfeed. 

5. Maybe try child led

Like all humans, some babies like to be in control. For a slow and steady weaning strategy try the “don't offer, don't refuse" method. 

Basically, you nurse when your baby shows the signs they want it, but you try not to initiate it. While not the fastest, this method ensures your baby's needs are met while slowly making adjustments to the feeding schedule. 

When should I stop breastfeeding?

There really is no hard and fast rule on this. It really is down to you; your baby, your choice. Breast milk is all a baby needs for the first 6 months of life and current recommendations are that, even after weaning has started, mum’s milk should continue to be part of a baby’s diet into the second year.

There is no need to stop breastfeeding just because you have started offering solids – babies continue to need their mum’s milk all through the long weaning process. Studies by the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine show that the average age that breastfeeding stops is anywhere from six months to five years. And that breastfeeding beyond infancy is considered 'the norm'.

Women decide to stop breastfeeding before their baby’s first birthday for many reasons and, indeed, some babies actively self-wean from the breast before they turn one.

If your baby is under the age of one and is no longer having any breast milk, ‘first’ formula should be given alongside family foods. There is no evidence to support the use of ‘follow-on’ formula or ‘goodnight’ formula – they do not provide any benefit to babies. Once a baby has celebrated their first birthday, they can have full fat cow’s milk or fortified, unsweetened soya milk as a drink and formula can be stopped.

For every woman who decides to stop breastfeeding earlier than planned, another will find themselves nursing their little one for longer than originally expected.

Some mums choose to continue breastfeeding an older child after their next baby has arrived (this is known as tandem feeding) and some mothers breastfeed their children until four years or older. There really is no reason not to carry on enjoying your breastfeeding relationship with your child for as long as you both wish.

Common reasons for stopping breastfeeding

A study shows that there are various factors influencing the reasons why mothers stop breastfeeding, including fatigue and concerns with milk supply.

Worries about breast milk supply

One of the most common reasons women give for stopping breastfeeding earlier than originally planned is a perceived lack of milk. In truth, lack of milk is very uncommon but a baby’s normal behaviour of wanting very frequent and prolonged soothing at the breast is often mistaken as hunger.

If your baby is having at least six good, wet nappies a day, you can be sure that you have an ample supply of milk. Remember: babies need to spend a lot of time just being soothed in arms and this generally also means being on the breast. This is normal and not a sign of a poor supply.

Developmental changes in the baby around the age of four months leads to them behaving quite differently at the breast and this often causes mums to think their supply has dropped. This is rarely the case. A woman’s body is very able to adapt quickly to the daily changes in her baby’s feeding behaviour and, as long as baby is free to suckle on demand, milk will be made. Even after a mum has stopped breastfeeding all together, it can take many months for her milk to disappear completely.

If you feel like your milk supply is dwindling talk to an infant feeding specialist and, in the meantime, offer your baby the breast frequently – quite simply, the more you breastfeed the more milk you will produce.

Sore or painful breasts

Another reason woman give for stopping breastfeeding is sore nipples or breasts. Breastfeeding really should never be painful, not even in the early weeks so, if you are in pain, seek advice. A trained infant feeding specialist will be able to tell you why you have pain and show you what to do to prevent it. More often than not you will just need a little help in cuddling your baby in a way that makes it easier for them to get onto your breast.

Trying too hard to help your baby to get on can actually make it more awkward for them (and you) so relax, cuddle your baby and let them use their reflexes and innate ability to get on comfortably.

If your nipples have become so sore that they have cracked, avoid letting them dry out as this can cause scabbing which can delay healing. Instead, gently rub a little of your own milk into the nipples after every feed and get help from a specialist as soon as possible to discover why you are getting damaged.

If you cannot press out any milk to soothe your nipples, a thin smear of Vaseline will do. Do not suffer in silence assuming that sore nipples and breasts are a normal part of breastfeeding – get help!

Going back to work

Lots of women start to fret about how to stop breastfeeding as their return to work date looms. If your baby six months or older and has started on family foods then, in truth, there really is no need to worry or to start introducing formula or bottles. If you are able and happy to express then do but most women find it a difficult chore.

Rest assured that your little one will self-regulate beautifully in your absence. They will take more milk when you are around at the start and end of the day and then have weaning foods and water from a beaker or cup whilst you are at work. They simply won’t associate their carer with breastfeeding and so won’t expect it.

Your body will adapt quickly and you won’t even need to worry that some days you don’t breastfeed for eight hours whilst, on days off, you barely go two hours without feeding your little one.

If you need to return to work before weaning has started then your baby will need milk to drink in your absence and your own milk is ideal for protecting against the inevitable bugs that your little one will encounter in the wider world. Express your breast milk with a pump or by hand and leave it for your child minder or family member to feed to your baby whilst you’re at work.

The familiar smell and taste of your milk will soothe your baby, and you will be able to relax at work knowing that they are continuing to get protection and perfect nutrition while you are away.

The thought of getting mastitis can cause mums unnecessary worry and yet it can be avoided and quite quickly dealt with if it does occur. 

Mastitis is a condition that, regardless of breastfeeding positions, can affect many mums who breastfeed their babies, and it can also affect those who decide not to breastfeed. It's a condition that can cause overall breastfeeding pain. And parenting consultant Rachel Fitz-Desorgher, mother-of-four with a 30-year-long career as a specialist midwife and infant feeding consultant, shares her expert take on how to spot the signs and relieve pain. So here is your quick guide to avoiding, spotting and treating mastitis…

What is mastitis?

Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast and is almost always caused by engorgement. Occasionally it is caused by bacteria getting in through a damaged nipple. When breasts get full of milk and, for whatever reason, your baby leaves a lot behind after feeding, you may get a bit of a gridlock of swollen blood vessels and milk.

This can cause tissue fluid to leak, creating even more gridlock. This engorgement leads to inflammation. Although most people assume you have to be a breastfeeding mum to get mastitis, this isn’t true.

Almost all new mums get engorged around day three when the milk “comes in”. So even a mum who has never breastfed can get the inflamed breasts that signal mastitis. Also, nipple piercings and cracked skin can open the way to bacteria getting in and causing infective mastitis.

What are the symptoms of mastitis?

People who have mastitis may feel ill.  They feel run down or achy. The most common symptoms of mastitis are one or both breasts being red, swollen and hot. A painful lump on the breast and flu-like symptoms, such as aches, a sore throat and high temperature.

Mastitis usually affects only one breast at a time. The symptoms often come on suddenly. But, if you are checking your breasts regularly and gently before feeds, you will spot signs. Other symptoms may include:

• Tenderness, warmth and swelling of the breast
• A lump or thickened tissue
• Pain or burning sensation when breastfeeding or pumping
• Flu like symptoms, such as aches, a sore throat and high temperature
• Redness on surface of breast

What is the treatment for mastitis?

Treatment is in the form of taking regular paracetamol and ibuprofen to reduce pain and inflammation, and to reduce your temperature if it has risen. If you feel poorly, go to bed and drink plenty of fluids. Start this as soon as symptoms appear.

Don’t express but do start doing reverse pressure softening before every feed. Using a flat hand on your breast, firmly massage from the nipple back towards the ribcage. Go all around the breast massaging backwards firmly. This will reduce the engorgement and ease the swelling and tenderness without stimulating more milk to be made. Once you have softened the breast a little, feed your baby.

Let your baby feed for as long (or as little) as they want on one side and then, after a short break and a nappy change, offer the second side for as long as they want. 

It is important to let baby lead and not try to interfere in any way by tickling them to make them feed more or taking them off before they are ready. Your baby knows what they are doing and interfering can simply confuse your body, which is trying to work out your baby’s unique needs. Because most mastitis is caused by engorgement and not bacteria, antibiotics should not usually be needed if you treat the problem fast.

Engorgement mastitis is actually self-limiting. If baby leaves a lot of milk behind after feeding then that milk starts to be reabsorbed back into your body. This has the effect of turning down the supply, thereby reversing  the mastitis. 

This is why expressing to relieve mastitis can make matters worse. The body can’t work out the true needs of your baby and so continues to oversupply. If, despite your efforts, the symptoms persist, you should see your GP. Just occasionally there is a bacterial infection rather than simple inflammation from engorgement and antibiotics are needed.

Can you still breastfeed if you’re suffering with mastitis?

Yes. Although mastitis is painful and can make you feel poorly, it is helpful in your recovery to carry on breastfeeding if you can. Your body needs to know your baby’s needs and the quicker it can work this out, the sooner the mastitis will pass. Try laying down to feed as this can be more comfortable and can also give you a chance to rest.

If you simply cannot get baby onto your breast to feed, express for 20 minutes from each breast which has not been fed off and feed this milk to your baby. Sometimes the milk will have blood in it and, although this looks grim, it will not harm your baby.

How can mastitis be avoided?

You can avoid mastitis by offering your baby both breasts each time and being baby led; in sync with your baby’s natural feeding pattern. It’s best to offer both breasts if you can, at every feed - baby won’t always take both but do offer. Give your little one a nice break of 10-15 minutes between sides and use this time to make yourself a drink and change their nappy.

Common mistakes that can increase the likelihood of engorgement and, therefore, mastitis are; 

• Only offering one breast each time
• tickling baby’s chin to keep them continually sucking
• repeatedly putting baby back to the same breast to help them “get more hind milk” 

Unless there is a clinical need - like a poorly baby or a poorly mum - try to avoid expressing milk before your baby is 6 weeks old.  Expressing sooner than this can confuse your body while it is still trying to work out the unique needs of your little one and this can lead to oversupply, engorgement and mastitis.

Every day, practice good breast care as part of your daily routine;

• examine your breasts carefully for tender spots and lumps. 
• Work backwards from the nipple and areola and check the entire breast. 
• Any lumps need firm but gentle massage and reverse pressure softening (see above).

This daily care can help to prevent blocked ducts, mastitis and “blebs". Blebs are milk blisters, they usually look like a tiny white or yellow spot about the size of a pin-head on your nipple. The skin surrounding a milk bleb may be red and inflamed, and you may feel pain while breastfeeding.

Although common, mastitis is not an inevitable part of the breastfeeding experience. It’s an exhausting time, but try to look after yourself as best you can. If you can check and massage your breasts daily, feed your baby responsively and on demand you may be lucky enough to avoid suffering from this complaint.

Video of the Week:

Breastfeeding positions, and switching them up, could be a factor to help make your experience a little bit easier. 

As new mums navigate matrescence it's so easy to feel that you're 'doing it wrong' especially when it comes to breastfeeding. For something that is supposed to be so natural, when it comes to getting to grips with how to breastfeed - it can be one of the hardest things to master. It’s tough and it can be physically gruelling. 

Studies show that the right positioning for you and your baby can make your breastfeeding experience a joy. And Midwife, BA RM and DIPHE, Marley Hall, tells us; “If someone is struggling to get their baby to latch onto the breast in a certain position, sometimes changing positions can prove to be helpful.”

In addition, new mums can have breastfeeding pain and infections such as mastitis, sometimes using one of the best breast pumps can help to keep milk flow going. Positioning can play a large part in how well the baby is ‘latched on’ - this means the baby attaches to the breast to breastfeed. When latched on correctly the movements of the baby’s jaw and tongue squeeze the milk ducts below the areola to remove the breast milk from your breast and feed. 

A comfortable position will help your baby be able to feed more quickly and easily. We spoke to the experts and here are the best feeding positions to try.

Breastfeeding positions

There are four main breastfeeding positions to learn - Cross Cradle hold, Laid-back nursing, Lying on your side and the Football hold.

“First, get everything you need before you sit down to feed," Midwife Marley Hall tells us. "I mean remote control, phone, charger, blanket to keep warm, snacks and all the drinks. If you have other children, ensure they are occupied too, an activity/snack box for them may help reduce feelings of jealousy.”

Mum-of-two, Jasmine talks about her breastfeeding experience; "When it came to breastfeeding, I was lucky. My body and my boys just worked together. If it had been difficult I would have stopped. I managed to breastfeed both my sons, and the 'laid back' was my position of choice. ”

She goes on to tell us that Lansinoh cream (View at Amazon - £8) on nipples after every feed was such a game changer for her. And to also make sure that you take as much advice as you can get. “Get the midwife and Health Visitor to check every time you feed with them.  I did this to really nail the latch/make sure it was right. Also be prepared for a lot of people to touch your boobs!”

Here are a few positions for you to try if you are experiencing difficulty getting your baby to latch on.

1. Cross Cradle hold

As breastfeeding positions go, this is an ideal position for early breast-feeding. Hold your baby in the crook of the arm opposite the breast you're feeding from — left arm for right breast, right arm for left. Support the back of the baby's head with your open hand.

Marley tells us; “Many women find this a good one. But, ultimately, every baby is different and some may have a preference over some positions rather than others. It’s a real case of trying a variety of positions to find what works best.”

2. Laid-back nursing

When feeding in bed or laid back on a reclining chair you can relax and tuck your baby close to your front. With your body leaning backwards, place your baby across your front,. Ensure that his/her ear, shoulder and hips are in a straight line with his/her mouth facing your nipple. 

Once latched on, his/her body will be snuggled on to your body and you are unlikely to need any pillows to offer extra support.

3. Lying on your side

Lie comfortably on your side in bed, using pillows where necessary to support your head, neck and shoulders. You can also put some behind your back and in-between your bent knees. Lay your baby on the bed facing towards you, then bring him/her towards your breast until he is able to latch on comfortably. 

Your baby shouldn’t have to strain to reach your nipple, so you may need to place a small pillow beneath him to raise him/her to the level of your breast.

4. The football hold

Place a pillow or some cushions at your side so that your baby can lie on them. Ensure that her/his head level with your breast and her/his feet pointing behind you. You should support her/his back and head with your right arm if she/he is feeding on your right breast and vice versa.

As with all feeding positions, ensure that her/his body is in a straight line and that she/he isn’t having to strain to reach your nipple. Marley tells us; “Many women who have larger breasts find this hold a little easier than the ‘cross cradle’ hold. 

“This is because they don’t have to stretch their arms so much or feel like the baby’s face is being squashed into the breast. Laying down positions may also be beneficial to those who suffer from back pain or who are recovering from a caesarean."

How to breastfeeding a baby with reflux:

Marley also has advice for if you have a baby who is struggling with reflux. “More upright positions like the laid back (where mum is sitting and leaning back), may help when a baby has reflux. Any position where the baby’s upper body is higher than the lower body will be helpful.”

We spoke to the following breastfeeding experts:

Related features:

• Best nursing pillows: 12 top-rated supports for breastfeeding mothers
• The breastfeeding diet: best things to eat
• Best breastfeeding accessories
• Breastfeeding and thrush: Symptoms, treatment and how to prevent it

Video of the Week:

We asked mum Lisa Murphy-O'Reilly to put the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump to the test with her baby, Arlo, aged three months. Read her review to see if it's right for you. 

The Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump is a hands-free, wearable breast pump. Based on our tester's feedback, we've named this the best premium breast pump you can buy in our best breast pumps buying guide. It's small enough to fit neatly inside a normal bra – so there's no need to buy a fancy, expensive pumping bra – and the discreet design means you can pump on the go, without anyone noticing. If you're looking for a versatile breast pump that will allow you to express breastmilk quickly and easily whilst carrying on with your life, look no further.

We asked mum Lisa Murphy-O'Reilly to put the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump to the test with her baby, Arlo, aged three months. Her verdict? She wouldn't hesitate to recommend it. "It's completely changed expressing for me," she says. "It means I can go out for the evening with friends without carrying a big bulky pump. And won't end up hiding in the toilet to express."

Design

Star rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Manual or electric: Electric | Dishwasher proof: Yes

The Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump is brilliantly designed. It's small and lightweight, and it fits into a standard bra unobtrusively. You really can use it in the office – or on a Zoom call – without anyone noticing it's there.

"I'd heard about the Elvie before, and had seen various adverts for it on social media, but had been slightly put off by the price – it's definitely one of the most expensive pumps on the market," says our reviewer, Lisa. "However, I was intrigued by the idea of being able to pop it in your bra. That was definitely the most appealing aspect of this pump for me."

Breast pumps can be complicated to assemble, but that's not an issue with the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump. There are only five parts to clean and it takes seconds to assemble. "It arrived in very slick, modern-looking packaging and comes fully assembled, so there's no fiddling around trying to work out how it all fits together," says Lisa. "That's very welcome for a mum operating on very little sleep!"

There are clear instructions on how to clean and sterilise the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump, and tips on how to position it correctly. "The pump is easy to disassemble and clean – it's much more straightforward than other pumps I've tried."

"It comes with two different sized shields and it's worth trying both out first to see which one works better for you," says Lisa. "Once you get the hang of positioning it – I recommend doing it in front of the mirror first – it's super easy to pop in your bra and get on with pumping."

However, using the right bra is crucial when using the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump. Lisa found the pump worked better in some bras than others. "The pump needs to sit against your skin and if my bra wasn't tight enough against the pump I'd experience leaks," she explains. "The suction can also be a bit hit and miss for various reasons, such as if you're using a shield or a bra that's too big, or if any of the parts are wet or the seal isn't positioned completely flat against the shield."

Comfort and features

If you wish, you can connect the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump to a free Elvie Pump app on your smartphone. The pump works without the app too, but you can use the app to monitor milk volume, track pumping history, and even control the pump remotely.

"The free app is easy to use and handy to keep track of when and how much milk you've expressed, as well as controlling the pump itself. That's ideal if you are pumping on the go and want to increase or decrease the suction - without delving into your bra," Lisa explains.

Although the app can tell you how much you're expressing in real-time, Lisa found it wasn't always totally accurate. However, she didn't see this as a problem. "In fact, not being able to see how much I was expressing was actually a perk for me. A lactation consultant recommended covering up the bottle of my old pump with a sock, as sometimes seeing how little you're expressing makes you anxious, which then means you express even less – a vicious cycle," she says.

The Elvie app and website have great FAQ and troubleshooting videos to help you solve any problems. "That means any issues you encounter are easy to avoid once you're aware of them," adds Lisa.

When it came to sterilising the pump, Lisa found the shields didn't always survive steam or microwave sterilisation. "Elvie was excellent at sending replacement shields for free, but there's only a 90-day guarantee," she says.

Value for money

The Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump is an expensive piece of kit. But it more than delivers when it comes to value for money. Overall, Lisa was able to express more milk with the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump than with other pumps.

The Elvie pump leaked occasionally when our tester lay down or bent over. However, this was easily rectified. "If you're pumping in bed you have to sit pretty upright," she says. "As well as expressing on the go around the house, it's small and discreet enough to use out and about. That's essential if you want to gain some independence back and spend time away from your baby without affecting your milk supply."

Overall, the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump gets our vote as the best premium breast pump you can buy. It impressed us – and earned a five-star review from our tester – because it's wearable, versatile, and truly makes life easier for mums.

The "absolute standout" feature, according to our tester,  is the fact that it makes pumping hassle-free. That makes the Elvie "worth every penny" according to our tester.

"I hated pumping before I got the Elvie. Between feeding a newborn baby around the clock, I didn't want to be tethered to the sofa like a cow at a dairy farm," says Lisa. "Using a traditional pump made me feel like a milk machine. However, the Elvie made me feel like myself again," she adds.

Overall, our tester is a huge fan of the Elvie Single Electric Breast Pump."As a new mum, time to yourself is like gold dust. The Elvie means you can use the time you'd be pumping with a traditional pump to do pretty much anything. Do your hair or make-up, clean the kitchen, unload the dishwasher. The novelty of knowing I was expressing while comfortably getting on with normal activities didn't wear off. It literally takes seconds to pop into your bra, so it doesn't interfere with your life at all. In fact, that made me much more willing to pump, which turned out to be great for boosting my milk supply."

If you don't want to spend quite this much, you might also be interested in our Philips Avent Electric Breast Pump review - we rated this the best breast pump overall. And don't forget to check out our other baby product reviews.

Being mindful of your breastfeeding diet is essential as a new mum. Breastfeeding can be physically and emotionally demanding – and sometimes painful – with mums having to be available 24 hours a day to feed a new baby.

After you've given birth it's important that you're eating and drinking properly to ensure you feel strong and healthy. Following a healthy breastfeeding diet will also ensure breast milk provides all of the nutrients, vitamins and minerals that your baby needs.

Our guide outlines all the foods you should be eating when breastfeeding, and those you should avoid, with some helpful advice from breastfeeding counsellors and nutritionists.

Breastfeeding diet: How many calories do you need when you're breastfeeding?

Women only need a small amount of additional calories whilst breastfeeding. Historically, women were advised to eat around 300 extra calories whilst breastfeeding – the same extra energy requirement recommended during the final trimester of pregnancy.

However, some studies show that eating additional calories while breastfeeding aren't necessary. Anna Mapson, a nutritional therapist and founder of Goodness Me Nutrition, explains: "The actual number of additional calories isn't as important as ensuring the overall breastfeeding diet is of a high quality to support the mother's body whilst producing breastmilk."

"It's more important to ensure you are eating a good range of healthy fats, protein and fruits and vegetables to help rebuild after pregnancy and birth."

It does depend on the individual, however. "It’s good to eat to appetite, and some breastfeeding mums feel hungrier than others," says Jane Moffet, a breastfeeding counsellor at the National Childbirth Trust (NCT).

Foods to avoid while breastfeeding

• Oily fish. Eat no more than two portions of a week
• Coffee. Drink no more than 200mg caffeine a day
• Peppermint tea
• Alcohol

Everyone is different. So, in addition to the list above, you may find that removing certain foods from your breastfeeding diet have a positive affect on your experience. For example:  "If a baby has symptoms like reflux there is some evidence that removing food triggers from a mum's diet can be useful," says nutritional therapist Jodie Brandman. "I tend to see a lot of babies improve when a mum removes dairy."

1. No more than two portions of oily fish

'It’s recommended not to have more than two portions of oily fish per week, such as fresh mackerel, sardines, trout and salmon,' says Jane.

'Two portions of oily fish will provide omega-3,' says Anna. 'The fish to avoid during pregnancy, like marlin, swordfish and shark, should still be omitted during breastfeeding. This is due to a risk of mercury from these larger fish affecting breastmilk and getting into the developing nervous system of a baby.'

2. No more than 200mg caffeine a day

'Caffeine passes into breastmilk and guidance generally suggests that breastfeeding women try not to have more than about 200mg of caffeine a day,' advises Jane. 'A cup of coffee = 100-140mg caffeine; a cup of tea = 75mg caffeine; 1 can of energy drink = 80mg; and 1 can of cola = 40mg,' she says.

3. Peppermint tea

You may notice that certain foods have an affect on your milk production or your baby's wellbeing. 'Some mums may feel that certain foods affect their baby and choose to avoid them,' says Sarah Oakley, a registered nurse and health visitor (Sarah Oakley Lactation). 'Some herbs, such as peppermint, can lower milk production. Drinking peppermint tea regularly, for example, is something to be cautious of.'

5. Alcohol

'Alcohol will also pass into breastmilk,' says Jane (you may have heard of the expression 'pump and dump', when women who have had a drink use a breast pump to get rid of milk they worry contains some alcohol). 'It’s recommended that breastfeeding women limit their alcohol intake to no more 14 units of alcohol per week [this is in keeping with NHS guidelines and equates to six pints of average-strength beer or 10 small glasses of low-strength wine] and to spread your drinks evenly during the week,' she says.

Anna suggests drinking less – a maximum of 1-2 units a week. 'And where possible leave a few hours between drinking any alcohol and feeding your baby,' she advises.

Best foods to eat for breastfeeding

• Calcium-rich food
• Healthy fats
• Fibre
• Fruit and veg
• Healthy snacks

"If you're breastfeeding, your body adapts to become more efficient at absorbing nutrients from food, and you will produce milk for your baby whatever your diet," says Jane. "But like all new mums, it’s great if you're able to eat well and have a healthy diet. If you can, try and have a good mix of at least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables, lots of fibre, starchy foods, protein and dairy – plus plenty of fluids."

Calcium-rich food

"The amount of calcium a mum absorbs is enhanced during lactation so your body excretes less through urine," says Anna. "A low calcium intake will not affect the amount of calcium in your milk but, because the milk will pull calcium from your body, women who don't eat enough calcium may affect their long-term bone density. This is especially the case if you breastfeed for a long time," she explains.

"The recommendation for breastfeeding women is up to 1350mg calcium a day. This is done through dairy like milk, cheese, yogurt, tinned sardines with edible bones and tofu (in water) processed with calcium sulphate. Also, bok choy, broccoli, kale, and dark leafy greens," she says.

Healthy fats

"Women should include healthy fats such as nuts, seeds and avocados in their breastfeeding diet," advises Anna. Other healthy fats include olive oil and rapeseed oil.

Fibre

"Fibre can help to support a healthy digestion. Focus on whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and oats," says Anna.

Fruit and veg

"It's important to eat a healthy balanced diet with lots of fruit and vegetables," recommends Sarah. Aim for at least five servings a day.

Healthy snacks

"Having healthy snacks in the house, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, fortified cereal or dried fruit, can help keep your energy levels up," says Jane.

How much water should you drink while breastfeeding?

Drinking water throughout the day is very important for everyone as even mild dehydration can cause tiredness and a low mood. But it's especially true for new mums.

"Most breastfeeding women have an increased thirst during a feed. It's the body's way of requesting more fluids," says Anna. "Some recommendations increase the target to three litres a day (the normal UK recommendations are two litres a day)."

Essentially, your best bet is to listen to your body. "Drinking to thirst is the important thing. It’s a good idea to have a bottle or glass of water to hand when you sit down to feed, so you can stay hydrated," advises Jane.

What foods that you avoided during pregnancy are okay to eat again while you're breastfeeding?

"Foods avoided during pregnancy are okay to eat again, although see above for guidance on fish," says Jane. "If you have been missing the Brie or pâté it’s time to treat yourself!"

There is more good news. "As well as soft cheeses, you can bring back in seafood like prawns and shellfish," adds Anna.

Why does breastfeeding make me so hungry?

"Supporting another human being is hungry work! Women are recovering from a birth and a physiological change after pregnancy. These changes all take energy and may make women require more food," explains Anna. "Many mothers feel extra hungry whilst breastfeeding because they are so tired, and when our brain is sleep-deprived we will crave carbohydrates and sugars to provide energy to get through the long days. Combined with developing a relationship with their baby, and juggling life commitments, it can be exhausting for new mothers," she says.

"Breastfeeding can use up extra calories (on average, an extra 300 calories a day). So, for some women, they feel more hungry than usual," says Jane. "Hormonal changes and sleep deprivation can also increase appetite. Resting when you can and having healthy snacks to hand can help."

How can I increase my breast milk following a breastfeeding diet?

"There’s no real scientific evidence that particular foods can increase breast milk, says Jodie. 'But I like to go on ancient wisdom that certain ingredients called “galactagogues” can help. These include almonds, flax, brewer's yeast, fennel and oats."

"Dietary support for breastmilk production includes drinking enough water, and eating sufficient food," says Anna. "However, if a woman feels her milk supply is low, it's important to look at lifestyle factors as well as diet. The most effective way to stimulate more breastmilk is to feed the baby more frequently as the suckling stimulates milk production," she says. "Also important is to increase the mother's rest time, and allowing sleep between feeds. Many mothers find that when they are supported, and are allowed more time to cuddle the baby, this releases oxytocin in both mother and baby, helping to calm them both."

If you are worried about your milk production, seek help before you decide to stop breastfeeding.

"Milk production is driven by the frequent and effective removal of milk from the breast and if a mother has worries about her milk supply it is essential she seeks skilled breastfeeding help from an International Board Certified lactation consultant or breastfeeding counsellor to identify the cause," advises Sarah. "Simply eating lots of oats is unlikely to have any significant impact," she says.

A parenting influencer has urged new mums to apply breast milk to their face to reap an array of incredible beauty benefits.

Skin and aesthetics expert Si-Si Shoffman took to social media to share the advice with her 14,000 followers, explaining why she used colostrum and breast milk on her skin following the birth of her baby son Clayton.

Colostrum is the first milk that is produced after having a baby and is usually thick and golden in colour and packed full of nutrients for a newborn.

Posting a video of her incorporating breast fluid into her skincare regime, Si-Si told fellow mums and mums-to-be all about the amazing beauty secret, boasting its anti-inflammatory powers and ability to battle hormonal skin issues.

'WHY I USED MY OWN COLOSTRUM ON MY FACE?! 🦄  ATTENTION ALL MAMAS AND MAMAS TO BE... it’s called liquid gold for a reason,' she penned.

'Here’s why; ✨ It’s magically anti inflammatory ✨ It stimulates the production of normal healthy skin bacteria, which will fight any problematic bacteria (almost like your own natural probiotic) ✨It can topically help any hormonal imbalances when applied on the skin ✨ It naturally contains growth factors which essentially make the skin regenerate meaning it’s anti ageing.'

Telling commenters to mix their breast milk with their moisturiser or apply colostrum straight to the skin with other nourishing products after cleansing, Si-Si attracted plenty of attention from mums keen to try out the advice.

'That’s really interesting!! Fab 👌,' one penned.

'Well you are glowing!! What a life hack,' added another, praising the Scottish social media star's gorgeous complexion, while a third in-the-know commenter added, 'The secret is officially out!

'Whoa that’s quite interesting I didn’t know about that! Will keep in mind for when the time comes,' a fourth impressed follower chopped in.

From pillows and pumps to creams and chairs, there are lots of products on the market designed to make breastfeeding a little easier. Here's our guide to the best breastfeeding accessories.

Breastfeeding takes time to establish but there are a number of items available that can help ease the experience for both mother and baby. While no-one can promise you a stress-free breastfeeding experience, we can offer a guide to the top breastfeeding essentials that you might find useful as you embark on feeding your baby. We’ve rounded up this list of the breastfeeding essentials we'd recommend trying – to save you time researching online.

Breastfeeding accessories and products - at a glance

Babymoov Mum & B Maternity Cushion -  JoJo Maman Bebe | £35 Lansinoh HPA Lanolin Nipple Cream - Boots | £10.49 Elvie Pump - Elvie |£249 Tommee Tipppee Express & Go Pouches for milk - Amazon|£7.66 Bravado Body Silk Seamless Nursing Bra - John Lewis | £34 Jojo Maman Bebe Stripe Jersey Breastfeeding Cover - Jojo Maman Bebe | £19 Close Pop-In Reusable Breast Pads - Jojo Maman Bebe | £11 Medela Hydrogel Nipple Pads - Amazon | £21.59 The Positive Breastfeeding Book – Amazon| £11.55 Kub Hayward Nursing Chair - John Lewis | £180 Joie Roomie Glide DLX Bedside Sleeper Crib - Argos | £169

1) Breastfeeding pillow

We love: Babymoov Mum & B Maternity Cushion

VIEW AT JOJO MAMAN BEBE | £35

A nursing pillow gives you and your baby the support you need when it’s time to feed. These pillows can help if you're having trouble positioning your baby at your breast during feeds, because they take the difficulty out of holding a baby in place, making it easier to feed comfortably. Breastfeeding cushions raise your baby up closer to your breast as they feed, and can ease the strain on your neck, back and shoulders.

This maternity cushion can be used as a pregnancy pillow to support your back or legs at night before your baby arrives, as well as during breastfeeding, so we think it's good value for money. It's a good size whilst still being compact – so it won't take over the whole sofa – and the shape means it's versatile and easy to use in a variety of different breastfeeding positions.

2) Nipple cream

We love: Lansinoh HPA Lanolin Nipple Cream

VIEW AT BOOTS | £10.49

Breastfeeding can be tough on nipples – sometimes leaving them sore and cracked. A nipple cream is a great purchase for breastfeeding mothers, as it’s specially designed to soothe sore and tender breasts, and safe to apply to your breasts between feeds. Most nipple creams are made with a base of lanolin – an oily substance that's secreted from sheep's skin – but there are also plant-based creams for those who want to avoid animal products.

There's no need to remove this nipple cream between feeds as it's 100% natural, completely hypoallergenic and paraben-free, so it's safe for your baby. It's specially developed to help soothe and protect sore, cracked nipples caused by breastfeeding. It has no taste, colour or smell, so your baby shouldn't even notice it. We recommend keeping a tube in your change bag and one by the chair you usually sit in when you're feeding your baby at home.

3) Breast pump

We love: Elvie Pump

VIEW AT ELVIE |£249

While breastfeeding can be an incredible bonding experience for both mother and baby, it can be a good idea to have a little 'spare' milk stashed away – ready for someone else to feed your baby. This is particularly helpful with night feeds or if you're planning to return to work.

This is the role of a breast pump - a device that allows you to express milk to be fed to your baby later by you or someone else. There are a whole host of different products on the market depending on what you want, from manual and electric breast pumps to ones that can express from both breasts at once or from one side at a time. Some breast pumps can even be connected to apps on your phone, to help make the expressing process easier to control.

This silent, wearable breast pump helps take all the stress out of expressing breastmilk. You simply pop it in your bra and let it get on with expressing, leaving your hands free to hold your baby – or make a cup of tea! There are no messy wires to clean and you don't have to sit in one spot attached to the mains when you're expressing.

4) Breast milk storage bags

We love: Tommee Tippee Express & Go Pouches

VIEW AT AMAZON | £7.66

If you’ve gone to all the effort of expressing, there’s nothing worse than that milk going to waste. Storage bags and containers are designed to prevent that from happening, as they keep milk fresh and ready for when your baby needs it. Many of these storage bags have a flat design so they can be frozen and thawed easily. Some breast pump brands even come with their own storage bags, so milk can be pumped directly into them.

Many of these storage bags can also be frozen. According to the Mayo Clinic, freshly expressed breast milk can be stored in the back of a deep freezer for up to 12 months – but using the frozen milk within six months is recommended. The NHS says the best way to defrost milk is in the fridge or, if you need to do it right away, by putting it in jug of warm water. For those looking to freeze their breastmilk, there are a number of products which can help.

These handy single-use pouches are cleverly designed so that you can express your breastmilk directly into them for handy storage in the fridge or freezer. Best of all, you can use them with any breast pump – it doesn't have to be a Tommee Tippee one. Just click the pouch into the pump and start expressing. They're pre-sterilised and have a screw-top lid so you don't have to worry about spilling a drop.

5) Nursing bras

We love: Bravado Body Silk Seamless Nursing Bra

VIEW AT JOHN LEWIS | £34

As brilliant as breastfeeding can be, it can sometimes come with hiccups, like milk leaks – particularly in the early days when your breastmilk is still coming in. A nursing bra is a great option for both comfort and practicality, as it supports the breasts and has extra padding to help absorb leaks. They are also designed to make it easy for you to access your breast quickly when your baby is hungry – most have clips that snap on and off at the base of the shoulder straps, while others have fabric which can be pulled away.

Finding the right nursing bra is a matter of personal choice – what suits you best might not appeal to someone else. That said, this Bravado seamless nursing bra is a really good everyday bra that gives good support and a seamless silhouette. It's designed to mould to your body, and it comes with removable foam cups, so you have the choice to add padding at times if you wish. It won't break the bank either, so we'd recommend popping two of these in your underwear drawer – one on, and one on the wash!

6) Breastfeeding Cover

We love: Jojo Maman Bebe Stripe Jersey Breastfeeding Cover

VIEW AT JOJO MAMAN BEBE | £19

If you want to give yourself and your baby a little privacy while feeding, there are a plethora of covers and scarves designed to do exactly that. Nursing shawls – which can be created with a muslin cloth – simply hang on a shoulder and cover a baby, while a nursing scarf is worn around your neck when not in use. Lots of high street brands also sell cardigans and loose jumpers and hoodies designed for use by breastfeeding mothers.

This versatile breastfeeding cover is made from super soft fabric and cleverly designed so that you can wear it as a scarf when you're not using it during feeds. We love this idea, as it means you don't have to try and fit yet another item in your change bag! The loop design also ensures it stays in place, so you don't have to keep tugging it over your baby or worry about it slipping off your shoulder while you're feeding.

7) Breast pads

We love: Close Pop-In Reusable Breast Pads

VIEW AT JOJO MAMAN BEBE | £11

Breast pads help to absorb milk if your breasts leak, preventing the milk from leaking through your bra to your top. You can get disposable ones and washable ones, but you might need to try a few different brands until you find ones that suit you best.

These washable breast pads are great value for money as you get six in a pack for £11. As well as being less wasteful than disposable breast pads, washable breast could pads save you money in the long run. These have a waterproof layer and come in a handy mesh bag for easy storage. The teardrop shape has won lots of rave reviews from mums, who say the shape seems to help them stay in place.

8) Hydrogel pads

We love: Medela Hydrogel Nipple Pads

VIEW THEM AT AMAZON | £21.59

Hydrogel pads can help soothe nipple discomfort by attaching to the skin as a protective, cooling cushion. They can provide instant relief, and help support the healing process by providing moisture and keeping the skin smooth. They also stop cracked nipples from rubbing against your bra and causing further problems.

Sometimes you just need instant relief for sore nipples. These cooling nipple pads are just the ticket. They have a cooling effect that you'll feel  as soon as you apply them to your skin, and you can even pop them in the fridge for an hour before use for an extra soothing boost. The gel inside the pad helps reduce the temperature of your skin. Don't suffer in silence if your nipples are sore – it can be a real setback when you're breastfeeding, but using nipple pads and nipple cream can really help. Talk to your health visitor or midwife, too, if you need extra breastfeeding support.

9) Nipple shields

We love: Boots Maternity Silicone Nipple Shields

VIEW AT BOOTS | £5.49

A nipple shield is a flexible silicone nipple that you wear over your own nipples during each feed. They are ideal for babies who struggle to get milk as they offer a larger surface area to latch onto, and the holes in the tip help the milk flow into your baby's mouth. They can also offer some relief from sore and cracked nipples.

If your nipples become cracked and sore, breastfeeding can be painful. But there are still some resources that can help if you wish to continue feeding. These silicone nipple shields are designed to be worn over your nipples during each feed, offering some protection and allowing your nipples to heal, whilst still allowing you to breastfeed your baby whilst maintaining skin-to-skin contact. These come in a sterilisable storage case for extra convenience.

10) Breastfeeding books

We love: The Positive Breastfeeding Book

VIEW AT AMAZON| £11.55

Looking to swat up before the baby arrives? There are plenty of books which detail everything to know about the breastfeeding process for both mother and baby. There’s something for everyone, too, depending on your interest, from the science behind breastfeeding to debunking nursing myths. You'll spend a lot of time sitting still when you're breastfeeding, so having a stash of books to dip in and out of is a brilliant way to read up about breastfeeding issues as and when they arise.

This is a brilliantly informative and easy-to-read book, which will answer all sorts of questions you might have about breastfeeding, from how often your baby needs to feed, to how you can tell whether your baby is getting enough milk. It covers everything you could think of, from preparing for your baby's arrival to getting the hang of feeding your baby in public. It's not just about breastfeeding, either – there are also chapters on mixed feeding and formula feeding to help you decide what's best for your baby. We recommend stashing a copy of this down the side of your nursing chair!

11) Nursing chair

We love: Kub Hayward Nursing Chair

VIEW AT JOHN LEWIS | £180

A nursing chair is a purpose-designed chair which aims to make feeds that little bit more manageable. Having a comfortable place to sit and feed a baby makes all the difference – especially in the early months when feeding happens very frequently throughout the day and night. Many nursing chairs come with rocking features, while others recline. Some come with a footstool, which can help ease the pressure on your back, and remind you to put your feet up when you're feeding.

This gliding chair is well-padded with a wide seat for comfort during feeds. It's specially designed to help with your posture, and it comes with a co-ordinating foot stool for maximum relaxation. We love the side pockets on the arm – so handy for popping away a book and a tube of nipple cream.

12) Bedside crib

We love: Joie Roomie Glide DLX Bedside Sleeper Crib

VIEW AT ARGOS | £169

A bedside crib is typically smaller than a cot, so it can fit neatly beside your bed. They are designed to allow you to safely co-sleep, whilst still ensuring that your baby is in their own separate sleeping space – very important for safe sleep. The real advantage of a bedside crib is that you can easily reach your baby for night time feeds, without having to get out of bed to pick up your baby or pop them back to bed after a feed. Many bedside cribs have rocking features to help soothe your baby back to sleep after a feed at night.

This bedside crib has a sliding panel that lifts and lowers easily and can be operated with one hand – handy for those middle-of-the-night feeds. It has 11 height settings which are easy to adjust, as well as four lockable wheels which make it easy to move around the room as necessary.  It comes with its own carry bag for travel use, and has gliding functionality so you can soothe your baby back to sleep.

The right way to feed your baby is the one that works best for you and your child.

As we all know, babies don’t come with a how-to manual (if only) and new parents are often confronted with an overwhelming amount of unanswered questions and worries about caring for their newborns.

Breastfeeding is a huge area of concern for most new mums and dads. The National Childbirth Trust tell us they receive thousands of calls every year from worried parents, in real need of advice on breast, breastfeeding pain and formula-feeding.

To mark World Breastfeeding Week (1-8 August 2018), NCT tutor and breastfeeding counsellor, Fran Bailey, answers some of the most commonly asked questions received by the charity's helpline.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kw7EnoSPV0M&feature=youtu.be

1. Am I holding my baby in the right position while breastfeeding?

When it comes to choosing the 'correct' position for breastfeeding, the most important thing is for mum and baby to be comfortable.

'Initially many mums find it best to lie back, holding the baby very close, giving lots of skin- to-skin contact and allowing the baby to use his or her own reflexes to bobble about and find the breast,' says Fran.

'The "cross cradle" hold or "tummy to mummy" is another good way to start. Some women try the rugby ball hold with the baby tucked in to one side under an arm while, for those who have had a Caesarean birth and still have sore stitches, lying in bed to feed may work best.'

Fran added that all the close contact positions also work really well for mums who have decided to formula feed their babies as they cuddle them near their body while looking into their eyes.

2. How often should I breast or bottle feed my baby and how do I know if they're hungry?

According to Fran, 'New mums will soon start to recognise their babies’ feeding signs. Their hands will start to start waving about, legs will start moving, eyes will flicker, they will start to wriggle and they are likely to start chewing their fists, or dribbling. These are really good early feeding cues.

'If you wait for them to start crying it is often a lot more difficult to feed so try to catch it early on and it will be a lot easier for everyone concerned!'

3. How long should a breastfeed last?

'Feeding times will vary completely, from one day to the next and from one feed to another,' says Fran. 'Babies may just need a quick drink for a few moments or of course to feed for much longer.

4. How long does it take to express breast milk?

'Women may express their breast milk when they want someone else to take over for just one feed, or if they're returning to work,' says Fran.

'It is very easy for some women and very difficult for others.

'It can be done with the hand or with a manual or electric breast pump, depending on how often you need to express. Some women find it easier to do it first thing in the morning when hormones have had a chance to recover overnight, while others may find they can encourage the milk to flow just by looking at a picture of their baby.'

Today marks the start of World Breastfeeding Week (1st August), but what are the thing nobody tells you about breastfeeding your baby?

Congratulations! You made it through pregnancy, labour and birth, and now the unexpected things that have been happening to your body can stop. Right?

Well, not quite. As it turns out, breastfeeding can also come with a whole host of unexpected side effects that we're pretty sure nobody warned us about! Sidenote: while the best swaddles are great for helping a baby to sleep, breastfeeding a baby while swaddled is not advised.

From leaking at the worst possible times to dryness 'down there' that you've never experienced before, here at the six things nobody tells you will happen to your body while breastfeeding - or using a breastpump...

1. You'll be as thirsty as a woman who has broken down in the desert

Baby has latched on and in that instant, your mouth feels so dry that you can't feel your tongue and you need a glass of water RIGHT NOW. But of course, you're trapped under baby (see point 6) and you're going to be there for a while.

Breastfeeding makes you thirsty. So, so thirsty. Invest in a reusable bottle and keep it by your side. Got a cup holder for your buggy? Turns out it wasn't a gimmick. Pop a fresh bottle of water in it for when you've wrestled yourself and the little one out of the house mid-meltdown and realise you're too parched to go on.

2. You start leaking at the WORST times

You've left baby asleep with Dad and made it out of the house for a quick whizz round to the corner shop, hands free. It feels oddly like a treat to go and get the essential supplies (bread, milk, chocolate biscuits and some fresh air) without a baby superglued to you.

But then, just like that, your top is soaked through with two tell-tale patches. It's bad enough when you're a few minutes from home, but it's mortification levels x 1,000 when you're having dinner with your in-laws or at a friend's wedding. Arm yourself with breast pads to help minimise the damage to your outfit and your dignity. Disposable ones come in megapacks so you can always have some handy or try washable bamboo inserts, which are super absorbent too.

3. Your breasts don't feel or look like yours

Boobs come in all shapes and sizes but when you start breastfeeding, it's YOUR boobs that will be all shapes and sizes. Sometimes they're full to the point of rock hard and engorged with milk; hand expression will help relieve this, but beware of blocked ducts and the warning signs of mastitis.

Sometimes you'll feel lumps under the skin. After a feed, one might be bigger than the other. Your nipples will look darker and bigger and pointer than usual. Anything goes! Get fitted with a good nursing bra that will support you properly - and buy at least two to get you through.

Similarly, we recommend Mama Mio's wonder product Pregnancy Boob Tube (£25) to help target stretch marks and other boob-related dilemmas. Its plant based ingredients have been credited with increasing skin elasticity, texture and moisture - perfect for growing boobs. And expectant mums have given this cream a 4.8 out of 5 star site rating with good reason. One noted how the heavenly citrus scent is lovely but not too overpowering (great for use whilst breastfeeding). Whilst another added: "Love this product. I've had really bad skin on my chest area since giving birth, this has improved it a lot. Really good for assisting with massaging to get rid of those stubborn milk clogs."

4. Your boobs become your alarm clock

A miracle has happened and your baby is asleep, at night, for (whisper it) a few hours. Congratulations! Time to enjoy a well deserved sleep. Wrong! You're woken by your breasts, full to dripping point. A little hand expression will ease the fullness, but who are you kidding? Baby will be feeding again in no time...

5. You may experience vaginal dryness (possibly for the first time)

You thought it was more of a menopause thing, right? Well, turns out breastfeeding can also cause vaginal dryness due to the hormone shift after pregnancy. This may lead to symptoms such as a sensation of dryness, burning, itching, soreness and pain (whether you have sex or not), and these symptoms can occur both internally (in the vagina) and externally (on the vulva).

Vagisan MoistCream helps to alleviate vaginal dryness, which you can use safely while breastfeeding. In addition, Vagisan MoistCream may also be used to alleviate sexual intercourse. See your GP if you are experiencing severe symptoms of vaginal dryness.

6. You'll need a stash of necessities with you constantly

Cluster feeding? Embrace it with a box set and a feeding station so you can hunker down for that skin to skin with everything in arm's reach.

You'll need: pillows, more pillows, water, chocolate biscuits, the TV remote, your phone, a muslin cloth (in case of vom) and nipple cream (in case of soreness). You're going in for the long haul. Expect to be stuck under the tiny tyke for the foreseeable so get comfortable - and make the most of this special time.

How to increase milk supply is a worry that affects many new mums when they're in the early days of breastfeeding. 

Whether just learning how to breast feed or getting to grips with a breast pump, every breastfeeding mom is aware of their milk flow and keen to see that it's increased and doing it's job for their new baby. There are many signs that your baby is getting enough breast milk, including seeing and hearing them swallowing, their cheeks staying rounded as they suck, coming off the breast on their own at the end of a feed, and seeming relaxed and content when they're done. 

Myexpertwife.com, midwife Lesley Bland tells us; "When it comes to breastfeeding, two key hormones are at play; Oxytocin acts as the ‘waiter’ delivering the food but Prolactin is the ‘chef’ preparing food in the back kitchen."

Babies who are feeding well will typically gain weight after the first two weeks (during which time losing some of their birth weight is normal), and appear happy, healthy and satisfied. If you're concerned that you're not producing enough breast milk, or that your baby is not feeding properly, it's important to consult your midwife or health visitor - but there are some natural ways you can attempt to increase your breast milk supply as well.

Here are seven expert-approved tips on how to increase your milk supply

1. Skin-to-skin contact
2. Pumping and hand expressing
3. Feed on-demand and don't skip or withhold feeds
4. Don't skip late-night or early morning feeds
5. Introduce Galactagogues
6. Feeding as often and and as long as baby wants
7. Check baby's latch and position

How to increase milk supply

Skin-to-skin contact – Myexpertmidwife.com midwife, Lesley Bland tells us "Skin-on-skin is an amazing and important start after birth which includes many benefits for both mum and baby. Not only does skin-to-skin transfer mum’s skin flora and microbiome to baby which helps strengthen and support their immune system, but skin-to-skin contact can also increase milk supply. There are two important milk-making hormones that are produced when you are in skin-to-skin with your baby, Prolactin and Oxytocin, which are responsible for breastmilk production and help the “let-down reflex” to release the milk. Remove all baby’s clothing including hats and mittens whenever possible to increase their skin’s contact with your own, which helps to facilitate bonding and increase hormone production. 

Removing mittens allows baby to push and knead the breast which can help increase milk production and flow and guide them to the nipple. Removing hats reduces the risk of baby overheating during breastfeeding when they are absorbing your body heat and also lets mum smell their baby which can also increase the hormone oxytocin which helps increase breastmilk supply and flow. Recent research has shown that babies wearing hats during feeds showed reduced feed-seeking behaviours. 

Pumping and Hand Expressing – In the early days following the birth of your baby learning how to hand express can really help to increase your breast milk supply, especially if baby is slow to establish feeding. Learning how to massage the milk ducts sends signals that mimic your baby asking for milk. Remember it’s a supply/demand process and the more milk is demanded the more it will be supplied!

Pumping either with a manual, wearable, or electronic model is an effective and efficient way to stimulate your breasts to produce more milk and is ideal for moving on from hand expressing when producing larger volumes of milk. Pumping every couple of hours may be recommended by your healthcare provider when building up a supply but it is important not to over-stimulate your breasts to avoid engorgement. Most women find they express the highest volumes in the first few minutes of pumping so pumping for shorter periods of time more frequently may be preferable to longer less frequent episodes.

Feed on-demand and don’t skip or withhold feeds. Breasts left too full for too long will down-regulate milk production automatically through a polypeptide present in the milk which causes messages to be sent to the cells that control milk production. When breasts are regularly transferring milk to the baby the message says to ‘fill’ again after feeding, but if women stretch out the length of time between feeds a ‘feedback inhibitor of lactation’ kicks in to reduce milk production, hence the advice not to delay feeds.

Don’t skip the late-night or early-morning feeds. When it comes to breastfeeding, two key hormones are at play; Oxytocin acts as the ‘waiter’ delivering the food but Prolactin is the ‘chef’ preparing food in the back kitchen. Prolactin is important in milk production and peaks between 2am and 5am – so night feeds and early morning feeds are really important for guaranteeing long term-milk production – it is always good to ensure at least one night feed or pumping session takes place during this time.

Introduce Galactagogues - are foods and medications that have demonstrated increased breastmilk production. Research into Galactagogues is limited and any decision to introduce them for diagnosed low milk supply should be made with a healthcare provider and used in conjunction with other methods to increase the supply such as hand expressing, pumping, and skin-to-skin.

Some foods classed as galactagogues:

• Whole grains, especially oatmeal
• Dark, leafy greens (alfalfa, kale, spinach, broccoli)
• Fennel
• Garlic
• Chickpeas
• Ginger
• Papaya

Medications which may be prescribed in extreme cases of low milk supply such as Domperidone should be taken as per the instructions and it is rarely prescribed for more than 1 week. It would be recommended that medication is used alongside other methods of increasing lactation.

Feeding as often and for as long as your baby wants. This can help to increase your supply of breastmilk. Breasts work on a supply/demand basis so let baby lead the way and feed as often as they want, rather than to a schedule. Many healthcare providers will advise feeding baby 2-3 hourly but as long as baby has at least 8-12 feeds in a 24-hour period it doesn’t matter if they want to cluster feed or feed more frequently. Observe baby for signs of hunger and offer feeds when they are first interested, rather than allowing them to become distressed to help achieve an effective latch.

Check baby’s latch and position – think CHIN.

C – Close. Keep baby held close during a feed so they can take enough breast tissue into their mouth

H – Head. Leave baby’s head free so they can tilt their head to be able to achieve an optimal latch

I – In line. Your baby’s head and body need to be kept in a nice straight line so that they can feel comfortable whilst feeding

N – Nose to nipple. By placing baby’s nose to mum’s nipple, they will tilt their (free) head backwards so that the nipple can flip towards the back of their mouth towards the soft palate to help attachment.

How to increase milk supply - the two biggest myths

Myth: Separate mum and baby when not feeding to allow mum to rest and therefore increase her milk supply. Lesley tells us "We know that keeping mums and babies close especially when establishing breastfeeding in the first few weeks is important for helping and maintaining a good breastmilk supply. Separation is sometimes unavoidable for example if mum or baby requires specialist medical care following birth and during these times a plan should be put in place to support mum to increase her breastmilk supply. This could include regular updates for mum on her baby from the NNU and being able to see her baby when separated via photos and videos to encourage bonding and breastmilk production. Any expressed milk can then be given directly to the baby or can be stored in the fridge or freezer for use later."

Myth: Do not allow baby to breastfeed more frequently than 3-4 hourly so that the breasts can relax and build up their milk stores. Lesley says "Increased frequency of feeding stimulates the breast tissue to produce more milk and conversely feeding less frequently can reduce volumes produced, therefore resting the breasts is not conducive to increasing your milk supply."

How to increase milk supply - what the moms say

Ben and Jerry's Oat of This Swirled

Hey, who wouldn't want an excuse to eat extra ice cream? According to parenting site Romper, this particular tub of Ben and Jerry's has been dubbed something of a hero for breastfeeding mums.

The key ingredient in this brown sugar and cinnamon flavoured blend is oats, which the site explains 'contain saponins, which along with many other benefits, are thought to increase the milk making hormones lactating moms produce.' Of course, ice cream alone is unlikely to be the complete answer to how to increase breast milk, but if we're honest, we wouldn't hate eating a bowlful to give it a go...

Starbucks Pink Drink

Users on the Facebook page Milky Mamas brought this magical drink to public attention when one user said she's produced so much milk after consuming them that she'd leaked through to her T-shirt.

The beverage is a blend of a mixture of coconut milk and Starbucks' Strawberry Acai Refreshers, and the women of Milky Mamas aren't the only women who are convinced. Mum Stephanie Lester told Lifehacker that on her second day of drinking the Pink Drink, 'milk was literally spraying for almost a minute and that has never happened before'.

Lactation cookies

Figuring out how to increase breast milk can be tricky, but with lactation cookies on your side, at least it can also be tasty! Many mums swear by these biscuits, made with milk-boosting ingredients such as oats, coconut oil or nut butters, for giving them a breastfeeding boost.

Recipes vary, and it's worth playing around and finding one that suits your tastes. There are also some online companies who are supply ready-made lactation cookies, if you're not a dab hand in the kitchen.

Fenugreek

Fenugreek has long been a traditional remedy that is thought to increase breast milk supplies - and although research has debated its true effectiveness, it certainly won't hurt to give it a try.

Fenugreek supplements are available, but you can also enjoy it in a range of recipes, or even brewed as a tea. Other aromatic ingredients such as fennel, cumin and sesame are also believed to be beneficial for breastfeeding mothers.

Garlic milk

Okay, so this probably doesn't sound like your dream tipple, but garlic milk is another drink that's said to assist with lactation. Methods typically involve grating cloves of the stuff into water and milk, sweetening with honey or sugar to taste, and then boiling and straining.

Not sure you can face garlic in liquid form? Eating it may also be effective - one study, for instance, showed that babies of mums who ate garlic fed for longer than those who didn't.

However, other parents have reported that eating too much can lead to a colicky baby, so it's up to you (and your little one!) to decide if it's a helpful solution in your circumstances.

Related features:

• Best breast pumps
• Breastfeeding pain - what causes it and how to stop it  
• How to stop breastfeeding

Video of the Week:

How many calories can you burn breastfeeding? Well, the answer from the American Pregnancy Association may well surprise you.

There are many benefits to breastfeeding, but we bet you never thought it would be burning off that third chocolate biscuit you treated yourself to without even standing up. It is a celebrated perk for breastfeeding - or breast pumping -  mums that feeding your baby straight from the breast actually burns calories. 

Especially with a newborn, many mums find that they spend a lot of time at home, so knowing that you can burn calories without exercising is definitely a positive of breastfeeding if you are able to.

But, exactly how many calories can you burn breastfeeding? Well, the American Pregnancy Association have revealed their estimate – and you might be shocked at the result. Worked out based on the calculation that 28mls of breast milk contains approximately 20 calories, and babies can consume an average of 710mls of breast milk every single day, the APA estimates that new mum’s could burn between 425 to 700 calories per day. That's the equivalent of half a tub of Ben & Jerry's Cookie Dough Ice Cream or three Krispy Kreme doughnuts.

Not that anyone is encouraging you to replace the calories you can burn breastfeeding with sugary foods – but it does mean that you shouldn't feel guilty for allowing yourself a treat when you want one!

There are of course foods to avoid when breastfeeding your baby, such as chocolate, which some mothers find can unsettle their babies and even act as a laxative.

However starchy foods such as bread, pasta, rice and potatoes are encouraged – so you can indulge in a guilt-free spaghetti carbonara, knowing that you will burn the calories off when you breastfeed your baby the next day.

Breastfeeding can be an overwhelming experience for any new mum.

The NHS states that the frequency with which a baby feeds can vary, explaining: 'It's fine to feed your baby whenever they are hungry, when your breasts feel full or if you just want to have a cuddle. It's not possible to overfeed a breastfed baby.'

However, while it may not be possible to overfeed, many women worry that their baby is not getting enough milk through breastfeeding, and are unsure when they need to supplement their own milk with a bottle.

Here, breastfeeding expert Clare Byam-Cook explains what insufficient breastfeeding means, what you can do to help, and why you shouldn't feel any sense of failure if you need to switch to formula...

'If feeding is going well, you should feel totally confident to stick with exclusive breastfeeding,' Clare advises. 'But if your baby is clearly not getting enough milk you should not feel any sense of failure or guilt if you need to give your baby a bottle.'

'A breast pump will enable you to see whether you can put your own milk in the bottle or whether your supply is so low that you need to give formula.'

A baby is getting plenty of colostrum and/or milk if:

• Their sucking is deep and rhythmic
• They fall asleep at the breast and stay asleep when put into their own bed
• The feed lasts them roughly two to four hours before they wake up and want to feed again
• They have a wet nappy at most feeds and do not lose more than 10% of their birth weight within the first four days
• They start re-gaining weight after about day four

A baby is not feeding well if:

• They are doing shallow 'dummy' type sucking on the breast
• They keep crying for a feed but then fall asleep after only a few sucks at the breast
• They wake up and start crying every time you try to settle them in their own bed
• They only stop crying when you cuddle them and/or take them into bed with you
• They are feeding for hours on end but never seems satisfied
• They are not passing much urine

A baby is becoming severely underfed and dehydrated if:

• They go more than six hours without passing urine
• Their urine is concentrated and smelly
• Their mouth and lips are dry
• Tiny orange or pink crystals (urates) appear in their nappy
• They become very drowsy and hard to wake

'At this point it is essential to give them some milk from a bottle,' Claire says. 'Newborn and infant starvation from insufficient exclusive breastfeeding occurs when the baby gets so little milk out of the breast that the lack of calories and fluid causes them to lose excessive weight and become severely dehydrated.'

Clare explains that breastfeeding often goes wrong because mothers are taught in their antenatal classes that breastfeeding is natural and therefore everyone can do it.

'This isn't true,' she says. 'Lots of mothers suffer from a low milk supply and many babies can't or won't suck well enough on the breast to get a full feed. This happens in the animal world as well - not all dairy cows are good milk producers and many newborn animals (e.g. lambs) need to be bottle fed to keep them alive. Mothers and babies are the same.'

'Mothers are not taught how to tell the difference between good sucking and bad sucking and many of the health professionals can't judge either, which is why so many babies get readmitted to hospital suffering from severe dehydration and weight loss.'

She also warns against common myths that can falsely make mothers believe that their baby is eating enough.

'Having a 'great latch' isn't always relevant,' she details. 'A baby can be latched on really well, but they still won't get a good feed if the mother doesn't have enough milk.'

'Mums frequently get told that 'cluster feeding' (where babies feed close together at certain times of the day) is normal, but sometimes the reality is that cluster feeding is a clear indication that the baby is not getting enough milk. If they were getting a full feed it would be a meal that lasts them several hours, rather than only a few minutes.'

Ultimately, Clare adds, it doesn't matter why the mother doesn't have enough milk, the question is can anything be done about it?

'If not, the baby should be given some formula milk,' she says. 'It is not liquid poison.'

The decision to breastfeed or bottle feed your baby is completely unique to you, and should be based on however you feel most comfortable.

It's generally recognised that breast milk is better for a newborn baby due to the nutritious value and strength building benefits that support your baby's immune system in a way that formula milk can't, and The Department of Health advise mums to breastfeed for at least the first six months of your baby's life.

However, many mums aren't physically able to breastfeed, whilst for others breastfeeding isn't an option for reasons beyond their control.

If you are deciding whether to breastfeed or bottle feed, there are lots of factors to weigh up. But, when deciding what's best for you and your baby, consider the pros and cons and be sure to talk through your plans and get advice from your health visitor as well.

Breastfeeding

Pros of breastfeeding

• Your breast milk contains the perfect amount of nutrition and hydration to build your baby's immune system which contributes towards fending off illness and making them as strong as possible
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• Breast milk is free! Considering how expensive baby's are, this is a huge win in the finance department as they drink A LOT of milk
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• Breast milk is readily available whenever your baby needs it, which means no carrying bottles or sterilising equipment around with you
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• It's a chance to bond with your baby and get to know them, spending special quality time with them
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Cons of breastfeeding

• It can make some mothers uncomfortable and they dislike doing it, especially in public
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• Your breasts can become engorged, swollen and generally painful - which is never fun!
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• Your nipples are set to get a lot more attention than normal and can begin to crack or bleed which can be quite painful
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Bottle feeding

Pros of bottle feeding

• If your breasts are in pain or you have developed mastitis, bottle feeding will be a welcome relief. It's more important to be a happy, healthy mum than to force yourself to do something you find painful
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• You can share feeding duties - yay! No longer is the pressure all on you, your partner or family are just as capable of feeding your baby, which means you can get some rest!
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• You can measure exactly how much milk your baby is drinking every day. If they're draining each bottle and still crying for more it could mean they're going through a growth spurt or if they don't drink their usual amount they may be feeling poorly
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• You can now buy ready-made formula milk, microwave sterilisers and a huge number of anti-colic teats and bottles all designed to make bottle feeding a quicker, easier and happier experience for both of you
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Cons of bottle feeding

• Unfortunately the truth is formula just doesn't have the same nutritional benefits as breast milk for your baby, your breast milk is designed especially to give your little one the best start in life
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• Formula is expensive and with so much to buy for your baby already it feels like a shame to not use the free resources that you have
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• A lot of preparation goes into making up a bottle for your baby. It can cause an added strain on your already newly hectic lifestyle because of the hassle it takes to organise the equipment, sterilise, prepare and carry around the bottles
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  Did you breastfeed or bottle feed? What sort of experience did you have? Let us know in the comments below!

Breastfeeding - or more specifically the stigma attached to it – never seems to be out of the news. In just the past few days, dozens of nursing mums have 'gone viral': at a wedding in a cocktail dress, in their army uniform, staging protests in a mall or being offered free burritos for feeding in public.

Even the Oscars had its own breastfeeding story, as the world asked, how come the boobs that win such praise on the red carpet get relegated to the toilets when celebrity mums need to express milk for their babies?

Little by little, it feels like women are pushing for more respect for the very natural act of feeding their babies. Nursing in public, pumping at work – it's slowly becoming less and less taboo. But what if a woman breastfeeds another woman's baby?

In a world that likes to think of breasts as sex objects, the idea of 'wet-nursing', or 'cross nursing' as it's sometimes known, still seems to have the power to shock or even revolt people. Milli Hill meets the women who breastfeed each other's babies, to find out more about this breastfeeding choice.

When I set out to write this article, I thought I might struggle to find women to share their story. I'd seen the occasional report of wet-nursing in the news, most recently Lacey Dangerstone from Fort Worth in Texas who has fed 12 babies for other mothers. But in spite of being a fairly seasoned breastfeeder myself, wet-nursing is not something that's ever come up on my radar, and I assumed that it was... well... let's say, a bit 'niche'.

I could not have been more wrong.

One quick post on social media and I had a flood of contacts from women who had fed babies that were not their own, directly from their own breast.

Some, like celebrity Salma Hayek, who famously breastfed a hungry newborn baby in Sierra Leone, did so in 'one-off' situations where there was an urgent need. Samantha Gadsden, 42, from South Wales, was an experienced breastfeeding mum of three, and when a friend called, desperate for help as she was in hospital with her toddler and needed someone to take her baby, she didn't hesitate to offer to feed him from the breast.

'The mum said she had been hoping I would offer as he had never had a bottle. He took to the breast straight away and was very happy, although my 10 month old wasn't as impressed and soon joined in on the other breast!

Samantha Gadsden stepped in to breastfeed a friend's child in an emergency, and has gone on to help other mums in the same situation

'I fed him through the night, much in awe of mums of twins, as my husband had to wait on me hand and foot. He slept in our side car cot under his mother's wrap, I thought the familiar smell was very important.'

Samantha has gone on to feed other babies for mums in need of help, and finds it hard to understand the stigma attached. 'I have met a lot of prejudice and people who think it's disgusting', she told me. 'Some would argue that a baby should just be given formula, but I am aware that World Health Organisation guidelines rate donor milk above formula. In an emergency situation when faced with a baby who can't tolerate formula, or has never had a bottle, I wouldn't leave a baby to suffer.'

Many other women echoed this sentiment, that taking another woman's baby to your breast simply felt like, 'the right thing to do', and were baffled as to why this would be judged harshly while giving formula or cows' milk was felt to be more 'normal'.

'I fed my friend's baby after her traumatic birth', one mum told me. 'She was in pain and her baby would not latch on. It seemed like the obvious solution, and the baby took to breastfeeding with her much more easily after that.'

Another mum, Sarah Holdway from Yorkshire, explained that she had wet-nursed on a few occasions to help people out, and that each time it had felt, 'completely normal': 'There are so many myths and misnomers about breastmilk that people can not understand why anyone would share it! But imagine if more mothers got together and shared, their love, their milk, their wisdom - I suspect many good things would come of it.

Yorkshire mum Sarah Holdway has wet-nursed on a few occasions and says it felt 'completely normal'

'I feel like we have forgotten the art of being friends with other women and sharing the load', she added.

For some mums, this 'sharing the load' goes beyond one-off, emergency situations. Several mothers got in touch with me to explain how wet-nursing had become a lifestyle for them so that they and another mother could combine breastfeeding with part time work, without having to pump or give formula.

Heather Hilton and Randi Muncher, from Cedar Park in Texas, have been nursing each other babies since they were a few days old – they are now 19 months and 13 months. They are close friends and work together as midwives in the same birth centre, and their milk-sharing relationship began when Randi was initially struggling to make enough milk for her baby Sophie.

Image: Cori Bessard Photography Left: Randi nursing her daughter Sophie, Heather nursing her daughter Riley Right: Randi nursing Heather's daughter Riley, Heather nursing Randi's daughter Sophie

Knowing each other well – whether you use donated milk or wet-nurse – is a way of improving safety, explains Emma Pickett, from the Association of Breastfeeding Mothers. 'Women are likely to have relationships with the women who breastfeed their children, have an understanding of their health status and drug and alcohol intake, and trust is likely to be high. There are risks with any choice but it's not for us to imply that the use of formula milk is necessarily "safer".'

For Heather and Randi, sharing expressed milk naturally evolved into wet-nursing. 'We each had our babies at the birth center', Heather explained. 'If one of us was busy, whoever was free would nurse the babies. It's never been weird or something we have had to talk about. We are two lactating moms with very similar diets, free of diseases or drugs with babies six months apart. To me, it would be weird if we didn't wet nurse.'

Image: Cori Bessard Photography

Randi nursing Heather's daughter, Riley

Heather's view on why wet-nursing is often harshly judged was insightful: 'I think as a culture, we have adopted this mentality that you have to do everything on your own. This is such a shame. We are isolating young mums - no wonder our postnatal depression rates are rising! No wonder breastfeeding fails so often! We are shaming mums for admitting they need help, when we should be celebrating it! It truly takes a village to raise young children.'

Image: Cori Bessard Photography

Heather nursing Randi's daughter, Sophie

Her words struck a chord with me. I've breastfed three children over the past eight years, and at times I've felt under tremendous pressure, knowing that I was the only person who could really take care of the tiny soul I loved so much. It's had its magic, but it's also been fairly relentless. How much easier might life have been had I considered that another woman might have helped me 'share the load'?

So often we can become prisoners of our own prejudice. How wonderful that some women are, very quietly, choosing to disregard taboo, and simply get on with helping each other out. As one mum put it to me, 'Wet-nursing? Yeah, I've done it. No biggie!'